Related Variables Affecting Korean Adolescents to Intention Drop Out of School
Keywords:
Dropout Intention, Smartphone Overdependence, Emotion Regulation, Peer Relationship, School Life Satisfaction, Multiple Regression Analysis, Korean Adolescents, ego resilience program, self-esteem, career maturity, university studentsAbstract
In recent times, numerous Korean school students have been dropping out despite the decrease in the school-age population. This study aimed to determine whether smartphone addiction, peer relationships, school life satisfaction, and emotion regulation affect dropout intentions. The study participants were 823 adolescents (231 elementary, 267 middle, and 325 high school students) in Chungcheongnam-do province, South Korea. A survey was conducted using the Smartphone Overdependence Scale, Emotion Regulation Scale, Peer Relationship Scale, School Life Satisfaction Scale, and School Dropout Intention Scale. Data were analyzed using t-test, one-way ANOVA, post-hoc test (Scheffé), Pearson’s correlation, and multiple regression analysis. The results showed that dropout intentions differed significantly according to school grade (elementary, middle, and high schools). Furthermore, smartphone overdependence, school life satisfaction, and emotion regulation significantly affected the intention to drop out. However,peer relationships did not have a significant effect. The explanatory power of the important variables expected to affect adolescents’ intentions to drop out differed between the results for all students and those for each school grade. This study contributes to establishing programs or policies to lower dropout intentions in the future by identifying variables that significantly impact adolescents’ intentions to drop out of school.
Downloads
References
Kim, H. J., Seo, G. E., & Kim, E. J. (2022). A study on community-based support for out-of-school youths Ⅳ:
With a focus on qualitative panel data. 2022 Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey. Sejong-si, Korea: National
Youth Policy Institute. Retrieved from
https://nypi.re.kr/brdrr/boardrrView.do?menu_nix=4o9771b7&brd_id=BDIDX_PJk7xvf7L096m1g7Phd3YC&cont_i
dx=791&seltab_idx=0&edomweivgp=Rhttps://www.nypi.re.kr/
Keum, M. J. (2008). Comprehensive understanding about drop-out adolescents in Korea. Korean Journal of
Psychological and Social Issues, 14(1), 299∼317.
Kim, Y. G., Hwang, S. Y., Choi, H. I., Lee, M. H., & Kim, J. H. (2020). A study on the implementation of the UN
convention on the rights of the child: 2020 review of Korean Children's and Youth rights. Sejong-si, Korea: National
Youth Policy Institute.
Lee, E., & Song, J. A. (2017). A study on school dropout experience of adolescents - For dropout adolescents
in H alternative education center, Korean Journal of Counseling, 18(5), 213-237. DOI:
15703/kjc.18.5.201710.213.
Kim, S. H., & Yang, J. H. (2014). A study on the high school dropouts’ school life after returning to school.
Korean Journal of Sociology of Education, 24(4), 31-60. DOI: 10.32465/ksocio.2014.24.4.002
Jung, M. S., Kim, H. M., & Yoo, S. D. (2011). A qualitative study on factors for school continuation of potential
teenage school dropouts. Korean Journal of Youth Welfare, 19(1), 87-105. DOI: 10.35151/kyci.2011.19.1.005
Seo, W. S., Jyung, C. Y., Lee, G. H., Chae, Y. B., Hea, Y. J., & Kim, J. H. (2007). Improvement strategy of career
guidance and counseling for dropout students in vocational high School. The Journal of Vocational Education
Research, 26(1), 95-118. UCI: G704-000975.2007.26.1.007
Chung, Y. S., & Lee, M. K. (2008). A study on the types and characteristics of latent school dropout. The
Journal of Korean Education, 35(1), 79-102. DOI: 10.22804/jke.2008.35.1.004
Kim, B. R., & Lee, M. N. (2021). Research trend analysis on smartphone addiction. Asia-pacific Journal of
Convergent Research Interchange, 7(7), 61-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.47116/apjcri.2021.07.06
Ministry of Science and ICT· National Information Society Agency. (2022). 2022 The survey on smartphone
overdependence. Sejong: Ministry of Science and ICT · Daegu: National Information Society Agency.
Lee, S. J., & Moon, H. J. (2013). Effects of self-control, parent-adolescent communication, and school life
satisfaction on smart-phone addiction for middle school students. Korean Journal of Human Ecology, 22(6), 587-
, https://doi.org/10.5934/kjhe.2013.22.6.587
Lee, Y., Kwan, Y., & Chae, G. (2019) The effects of parental-attachment on smart phone addiction for the
middle school students: Focusing on moderating effects of self-control. Forum For Youth Culture, 59, 55-79.
https://doi.org/10.17854/ffyc.2019.07.59.55
Lee, A. R., & Lee, K. Y. (2012). The effects of parental factors, friend`s factors, and psychological factors on
the addictive mobile phone use of children. The Korean Journal of Child Education, 21(2), 27-39. UCI: G704-
2012.21.2.020
Shin, H., & Jeong, S. H. (2018). The predictors of children and adolescents' smartphone addiction. Journal of
Cybercommunication Academic Society, 35(3), 5-50. DOI: 10.36494/JCAS.2018.09.35.3.5
Kim, D., Chung, Y. J., Lee, Y. H., Kang, M. C., & Jeon, H. J. (2015). Effect of smartphone addiction on
psychological problem by mixed regression analysis. Korean Journal of Counseling, 16(4), 283-300. DOI:
15703/kjc.16.4.201508.283
Seo, I. K., & Lee, Y. S. (2016). Effects of adolescents` smart phone addiction on their school adjustment:
Mediating effects of self-efficacy. Korean Journal of youth welfare, 18(3), 217-241. DOI:
19034/KAYW.2016.18.3.10
Choi, H. S., Lee, H. K., & Ha, J. C. (2012). The influence of smartphone addiction on mental health, campus
life and personal relations - Focusing on K university students. Journal of the Korean Data & Information Science
Society, 23(5), 1005-1015. UCI: G704-000605.2012.23.5.007
Jeon, H. S., & Chun, J. S. (2017). Effects of internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors on smartphone
addiction among adolescents: Focusing on the mediating effects of self-efficacy Korean. Journal of youth welfare,
(3), 53-80. DOI: 10.19034/KAYW.2017.19.3.03
Oh, S. H., & Kim, J. H. (2021). Relationship between parents’ smartphone dependency and adolescents’
smartphone dependency: The double-mediation of negative parenting attitude and academic helplessness. Korean
Journal of Youth Studies, 28(9), 201-229, DOI 10.21509/KJYS.2021.09.28.9.201
Park, S. Y., & Kang, J. H. (2005). The relations between children`s emotion regulation, aggression and school
adjustment. Korean journal of child studies, 26(1), 1-14.
Youn, J. H., & Hwang, H. J. (2022). The mediating effect of peer relationship quality on the relationship between
emotion regulation ability and school life adaptation of middle school students. The Journal of Learner-Centered
Curriculum and Instruction, 22(18), 711-725. DOI: 10.22251/jlcci.2022.22.18.711
Lee, J. H. (2017). An analysis of individual and school characteristics affecting school maladjustment of middle
school students: Focusing on middle schools in Busan. Korean Journal of Educational Administration, 35(5), 245-
Kim, H. S., Yi, J. T., & Hong, S. H. (2006). The effects of their school related adjustments and mental health on
the experience of school violence in adolescents. Korean Education Inquiry, 24, 79-97.
Lee, Y. S., Kim, H. J., & Kim, H. K. (2015). A study on relationship between the infringement of human rights
and middle school students` maladjustment at school life. Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 22(12), 413-442. UCI:
G704-000387.2015.22.12.011
Chung, Y. S., & Lee, M. K. (2008). A study on the types and characteristics of latent school dropout. The
Journal of Korean Education, 35(1), 79-102. DOI: 10.22804/jke.2008.35.1.004
Lim, Y., & Lee, O. (2017). Relationships between parental maltreatment and adolescents’ school adjustment:
Mediating roles of self-esteem and peer attachment. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(2), 393-404. DOI
1007/s10826-016-0573-8
Lee, E. Y., & Kim, K. H. (2005). The relationships between mother's child-rearing attitudes perceived by their
children and children's prosocial behavior, adjustment in School Life. Korean Journal of Family Welfare, 10(1), 105-
UCI I410-ECN-0102-2009-590-001087419.
Kim, S. B., Hwang, B. R., & Nam, Y. O. (2017). The influence of parent-adolescent communication on school
adjustment in middle school student: Mediating effect of self-efficacy. The Korea Journal of Youth Counseling, 25(2),
-251. DOI: 10.35151/kyci.2017.25.2.011
Lee, M. J., Chung, I. J., Yang, O. K., & Bae, E. K. (2018). The effects of children’s rights-related experiences
on school adjustment and prosocial behavior. Journal of School Social Work, 42, 263-286. DOI:
20993/jSSW.42.12
Koo, J. G. (2003). The influence of psychosocial characteristics on student's school drop-out needs. Korea
Journal of Youth Studies, 10(3), 309-330.
Yoo, S. K., Song, S. M., & Lee, S. R. (2001). A study of comparing chronic runaway with non-chronic runaway.
Asian Journal Education, 2(1), 71-87.
Gu, J. G., Hong, J. Y., & Jang, Y. J. (2001). A study of adolescents' desire to drop out and related characteristics:
Understanding and counseling strategies for children who are about to leave school. 2001 Youth Counseling
Symposium, 3-52. Seoul Youth Counseling Office.
Kwon, S. J., & Eom, N. R. (2016). Final report on smartphone overdependence scale reorganization (2016
Digital culture forum policy research report). Daegu, Korea: National Information Society Agency.
Lee, B. R. (1997). A completion of the concept of emotional intelligence. The Journal of Korea Open
Association for Early Childhood Education, 2(2), 195-214.
Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional intelligence. New York: Bantam Books.
Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination Cognition and Personality, 9, 185-211.
Gullone, E., & Robinson, K. (2005). The inventory of parent and peer attachment-revised (IPPA-R) for children:
A psychol metric investigation. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Clinical Psychology and
Psychotherapy.12(1),67-79.
Hwang, S. Y. (2007). Parental attachment, parental monitoring, peer attachment, association with deviant
peers, and problem behaviors. Unpublished master's thesis, Chung-Ang University, Seoul.
Kim, J. Y. (2009). A Study on the Development and Validation of the School Life Satisfaction Scale for HighSchool Students. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Wonkwang University, Iksan-si, Jeollabuk-do.
Mo, S. H., & Lee, J. S. (2012). An exploration on variables influencing subjective happiness of youth:
Moderating effects of family factors on academic stress. Journal of Holistic Education, 16(3), 23-40.
http://www.earticle.net.ssl.proxy.nsu.ac.kr:8010/Article/A190452
Kim, H. S., Kim, S. E., & Park. H. N. (2021). An analysis of reasons for school dropouts of male and female
adolescents with semantic network analysis. The Journal of Korean Education, 48(3), 5-24. DOI:
22804/jke.2021.48.3.001
Cho, Y. J. (2019). Trajectory of smartphone dependency and associated factors in school-aged children.
Korean Journal of Child Studies, 40(6), 49-62. https://doi.org/10.5723/kjcs.2019.40.6.49
Park, Y. S., Kim, U. C., Chung, K. S., Lee, S. M., Kwon, H. H., & Yang, K. M. (2000). Causes and consequences
of life-satisfaction among primary, junior high, and senior high school students. The Korean Journal of Health
Psychology, 5(1), 94-118.
Kim, R. R., & Lee, J. K., (2016). A study on the danger and protection factors that affect adolescents` intention
to quit school -focusing on middle school and high school students in Busan. Korea Youth research association,
(9), 53-81. http://doi.org/10.21509/kjys.2016.09.23.9.5
Kim, O. Y., Lee. Y. S., & Won, Y. M. (2004). Analysis into perception and risk and protective factors associated
with the dropout of study of juveniles in Jeollabuk-do. The Korea Journal of Counseling, 5(3), 725-741.
Lee, J., Chun, J., Kim, J., & Lee, J. (2020). Cyberbullying victimization and school dropout intention among
South Korean adolescents: The moderating role of peer/teacher support. Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work and
Development, 30(3), 195-211. DOI: 10.1080/02185385.2020.1774409
Fortin, L., Marcotte, D., Diallo, T., Potvin, P., & Royer, É. (2013). A multidimensional model of school dropout
from an 8-year longitudinal study in a general high school population. European journal of psychology of education,
, 563-583.
Mostert, K., & Pienaar, J. (2020). The moderating effect of social support on the relationship between burnout,
intention to drop out, and satisfaction with studies of first-year university students. Journal of Psychology in Africa,
(3), 197-202. DOI10.1080/14330237.2020.1767928
Bianchi, D., Cavicchiolo, E., Lucidi, F., Manganelli, S., Girelli, L., Chirico, A., & Alivernini. F. (2021). School
dropout intention and self-esteem in immigrant and native students living in poverty: The protective role of peer
acceptance at school. School Mental Health, 13, 266-278. DOI: 10.1007/s12310-021-09410-4
Baalmann, T., Brömmelhaus, A., Hülsemann, J., Feldhaus, M., & Speck, K. (2022). The impact of parents,
intimate relationships, and friends on students’ dropout intentions. Journal of College Student Retention: Research,
Theory & Practice, Published online 15210251221133374. DOI:10.1177/15210251221133374
De Witte, K., Cabus, S., Thyssen, G., Groot, W., & van Den Brink, H. M. (2013). A critical review of the literature
on school dropout. Educational Research Review, 10, 13-28. DOI:10.1016/j.edurev.2013.05.002
Fernández-Suárez, A., Herrero, J., Pérez, B., Juarros-Basterretxea, J., & Rodríguez-Díaz, F. J. (2016). Risk
factors for school dropout in a sample of juvenile offenders. Frontiers in Psychology, 7(1993), 1-7.
DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01993
Kim, E. S., & Son, H, D. (2022). A study on educational support to prevent smartphone overdependence and
game addiction among students at risk of dropping out of school. Hongseong-gun Chuncheongnam-do, Korea.
Ranjgar, B., Mirhashemi, M., & Pasha Sharifi, H. (2021). A meta-analysis of individual, familial, and school
factors affecting academic performance and dropout among high school students. Journal of Research in
Educational Science, 15(54), 18-32.
Rumberger, R. W., & Lim, S. A. (2008). Why students drop out of school: A review of 25 years of research.
University of California, Santa Barbara.
Balfanz, R., Herzog, L., & Mac Iver, D. J. (2007). Preventing student disengagement and keeping students on
the graduation path in urban middle-grades schools: Early identification and effective interventions. Educational
Psychologist, 42, 223-235.
Gubbels, J., van der Put, C. E., & Assink, M. (2019). Risk factors for school absenteeism and dropout: A metaanalytic review. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 48, 1637-1667.
Shahidul, S. M., & Karim, A. H. M. Z. (2015). Factors contributing to school dropout among the girls: A review
of literature. European Journal of Research and Reflection in Educational Sciences, 3(2), 25-36.
Rumberger, R. W., & Lamb, S. P. (2003). The early employment and further education experiences of high
school dropouts: A comparative study of the United States and Australia. Economics of Education Review, 22(4),
-366. DOI: 10.1016/S0272-7757(02)00038-9
So, W.-G., Huh, J.-H., & Kim, H.-K. (2018). The Impact of SNS Addiction Tendency on Educational Satisfaction.
Asia-Pacific Journal of Educational Management Research, 3(1), 63-70, doi:10.21742/AJEMR.2018.3.1.07
Cho, N. (2015). The Effects of a Smartphone Addiction Education Program for Young Adult Females.
International Journal of u - and e - Service, Science and Technology, 8(12), 277-284,
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Author
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
